In order to display all currently mounted lesystems, which of the following commands could be used? (Choose two.)

A. cat /proc/self/mounts

B. free

C. lsmounts

D. mount

E. cat /proc/ lesystems

Which of the following properties of a Linux system should be changed when a virtual machine is cloned? (Choose two.)

A. The partitioning scheme

B. The file system

C. The D-Bus Machine ID

D. The permissions of /root/

E. The SSH host keys

Which umask value ensures that new directories can be read, written and listed by their owning user, read and listed by their owning group and are not accessible at all for everyone else?

A. 0750

B. 0027

C. 0036

D. 7640

E. 0029

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Which command is used to change the priority of an already running process? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

Which of the following commands creates or, in case it already exists, overwrites a file called data with the output of ls?

A. ls 3> data

B. ls >& data

C. ls > data

D. ls >> data

E. ls >>> data

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Which program runs a command in specific intervals and refreshes the display of the program's output? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

In a nested directory structure, which find command line option would be used to restrict the command to searching down a particular number of subdirectories?

A. -maxdepth

B. -dirmax

C. -maxlevels

D. -s

E. -n

Which file defines the network locations from where the Debian package manager downloads software packages?

A. /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg

B. /etc/apt/apt.conf.d

C. /etc/apt/apt.conf

D. /etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg

E. /etc/apt/sources.list

Which of the following properties of an existing file changes when a hard link pointing to that file is created?

A. File size

B. Link count

C. Modify timestamp

D. Inode number

E. Permissions

Which of the following commands outputs test to the shell?

A. cat <!EOT test EOT

B. cat <|EOT test EOT

C. cat !<EOT test EOT

D. cat &<EOT test EOT

E. cat <<EOT test EOT

Which of the following commands loads a kernel module along with any required dependency modules?

A. depmod

B. modprobe

C. module_install

D. insmod

E. loadmod

Which of the following files, located in a user's home directory, contains the Bash history?

A. .bashrc_history

B. .bash_hist file

C. .history

D. .bash_history

E. .history_bash

Which of the following settings for umask ensures that new files have the default permissions -rw-r-----?

A. 0017

B. 0640

C. 0038

D. 0227

E. 0027

What is the default nice level when a process is started using the nice command?

A. -10

B. 0

C. 10

D. 15

E. 20

What is the effect of the -v option for the grep command?

A. It enables color to highlight matching parts.

B. It shows the command’s version information.

C. It only outputs non-matching lines.

D. It changes the output order showing the last matching line first.

E. It outputs all lines and pre xes matching lines with a+.

Which of the following commands displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive?

A. gzip archive.tgz | tar xvf –

B. tar “fzt archive.tgz

C. gzip “d archive.tgz | tar tvf –

D. tar cf archive.tgz

E. tar ztf archive.tgz

Given the following input stream:
txt1.txt
atxt.txt
txt

A. txt
Which of the following regular expressions turns this input stream into the following output stream? txt1.bak.txt atxt.bak.txt txt

B. bak.txt

C. s/^.txt/.bak/

D. s/txt/bak.txt/

E. s/txt$/bak.txt/

F. s/^txt$/.bak^/

G. s/[.txt]/.bak$1/

Which of the following commands lists the dependencies of the RPM package file foo.rpm?

A. rpm -qpR foo.rpm

B. rpm -dep foo

C. rpm -ld foo.rpm

D. rpm -R foo.rpm

E. rpm -pD foo

Which of the following apt-get subcommands installs the newest versions of all currently installed packages?

A. auto-update

B. dist-upgrade

C. full-upgrade

D. install

E. update

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Which command displays a list of all background tasks running in the current shell? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
jobs

Which of the following commands can perform searches on file contents using regular expressions?

A. find

B. locate

C. grep

D. reggrep

E. pgrep

Which of the following files exist in a standard GRUB 2 installation? (Choose two.)

A. /boot/grub/stages/stage0

B. /boot/grub/i386-pc/lvm.mod

C. /boot/grub/fstab

D. /boot/grub/grub.cfg

E. /boot/grub/linux/vmlinuz

What can the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) be used for? (Choose three.)

A. To create snapshots.

B. To dynamically change the size of logical volumes.

C. To dynamically create or delete logical volumes.

D. To create RAID 9 arrays.

E. To encrypt logical volumes.

Which of the following statements are correct when comparing Linux containers with traditional virtual machines (e.g. LXC vs. KVM)? (Choose three.)

A. Containers are a lightweight virtualization method where the kernel controls process isolation and resource management.

B. Fully virtualized machines can run any operating system for a specific hardware architecture within the virtual machine.

C. Containers are completely decoupled from the host system’s physical hardware and can only use emulated virtual hardware devices.

D. The guest environment for fully virtualized machines is created by a hypervisor which provides virtual and emulated hardware devices.

E. Containers on the same host can use different operating systems, as the container hypervisor creates separate kernel execution.

What is contained on the EFI System Partition?

A. The Linux root file system

B. The first stage boot loader

C. The default swap space file

D. The Linux default shell binaries

E. The user home directories

What is the maximum niceness value that a regular user can assign to a process with the nice command when executing a new process?

A. 9

B. 15

C. 19

D. 49

E. 99

Which of the following commands redirects the output of ls to standard error?

A. ls >-1

B. ls <&2

D. ls >>2

E. ls |error

When considering the use of hard links, what are valid reasons not to use hard links?

A. Hard links are not available on all Linux systems because traditional lesystems, such as ext4, do not support them

B. Each hard link has individual ownership, permissions and ACLs which can lead to unintended disclosure of file content

C. Hard links are specific to one filesystem and cannot point to files on another filesystem

D. If users other than root should be able to create hard links, suln has to be installed and configured

E. When a hard linked file is changed, a copy of the file is created and consumes additional space

What is the first program the Linux kernel starts at boot time when using System V init?

A. /lib/init.so

B. /proc/sys/kernel/init

C. /etc/rc.d/rcinit

D. /sbin/init

E. /boot/init

From a Bash shell, which of the following commands directly execute the instructions from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell?
(Choose two.)

A. source /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

B. /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

C. /bin/bash /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

D. . /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

E. run /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

Which of the following statements are correct about the initial RAM disk involved in the boot process of Linux? (Choose two.)

A. An initramfs is a compressed file system archive, which can be unpacked to examine its contents.

B. An initramfs file contains the MBR, the bootloader and the Linux kernel.

C. After a successful boot, the initramfs contents are available in /run/initramfs/.

D. The kernel uses the initramfs temporarily before accessing the real root file system.

E. An initramfs does not depend on a specific kernel version and is not changed after the initial installation.

Which of the following sequences in the vi editor saves the opened document and exits the editor? (Choose two.)

A. Ctrl XX

B. Ctrl :W

C. Esc zz

D. Esc :wq

E. Esc ZZ

Which of the following commands displays the path to the executable file that would be executed when the command foo is invoked?

A. lsattr foo

B. apropos foo

C. locate foo

D. whatis foo

E. which foo

Which of the following commands can be used to display the inode number of a given file? (Choose two.)

A. inode

B. ln

C. ls

D. cp

E. stat

A user accidentally created the subdirectory dir in his home directory. Which of the following commands will remote that directory?

A. rmdir ~/dir

B. rmdir ~/dir

C. rmdir ~/’dir’

D. rmdir ~/dir

E. rmdir ‘~/dir’

Which of the following is true when a file system, which is neither listed in /etc/fstab nor known to system, is mounted manually?

A. systemd ignores any manual mounts which are not done using the systemctl mount command

B. The command systemctl mountsync can be used to create a mount unit based on the existing mount

C. systemd automatically generates a mount unit and monitors the mount point without changing it

D. Unless a systemd mount unit is created, systemd unmounts the file system after a short period of time

E. systemctl unmount must be used to remove the mount because system opens a file descriptor on the mount point

Which of the following commands is used to change options and positional parameters within a running Bash shell?

A. history

B. setsh

C. bashconf

D. set

E. envsetup

When booting from the hard disk, a computer successfully loads the Linux kernel and initramfs but hangs during the subsequent startup tasks. The system is booted using a Linux based rescue CD to investigate the problem. Which of the following methods helps to identify the root cause of the problem?

A. Using the dmesg command from the rescue CD’s shell to view the original system’s boot logs.

B. Investigating the file /proc/kmsg on the computer’s hard disk for possible errors.

C. Investigating the file /var/log on the computer’s hard disk for possible errors.

D. Using chroot to switch to the file system on the hard disk and use dmesg to view the logs.

E. Rebooting again from the hard drive since the system successfully booted from the rescue C

F.

Which of the following commands changes all CR-LF line breaks in the text file userlist.txt to Linux standard LF line breaks and stores the result in newlist.txt?

A. tr “d ‘r’ userlist.txt newlist.txt

B. tr “c ‘nr’ ” newlist.txt userlist.txt

C. tr ‘rn’ ” userlist.txt newlist.txt

D. tr ‘r’ ‘n’ userlist.txt newlist.txt

E. tr “s ‘/^M/^J/’ userlist.txt newlist.txt

Which of the following regular expressions represents a single upper-case letter?

A. :UPPER:

B. [A-Z]

C. !a-z

D. {AZ}

What is the process ID number of the init process on a System V init based system?

A. -1

B. 0

C. 1

D. It is different with each reboot

E. It is set to the current run level

Which of the following commands installs GRUB 2 into the master boot record on the third hard disk?

A. grub2 install /dev/sdc

B. grub-mkrescue /dev/sdc

C. grub-mbrinstall /dev/sdc

D. grub-setup /dev/sdc

E. grub-install /dev/sdc

Which of the following commands changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting?

A. tune2fs -d 200 /dev/sda1

B. tune2fs -i 200 /dev/sda1

C. tune2fs -c 200 /dev/sda1

D. tune2fs -n 200 /dev/sda1

E. tune2fs –days 200 /dev/sda1

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Following the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), where should binaries that have been compiled by the system administrator be placed in order to be made available to all users on the system? (Specify the full path to the directory.)

Which of the following directories on a 64 bit Linux system typically contain shared libraries? (Choose two.)

A. ~/.lib64/

B. /usr/lib64/

C. /var/lib64/

D. /lib64/

E. /opt/lib64/

Which daemon handles power management events on a Linux system?

A. acpid

B. batteryd

C. pwrmgntd

D. psd

E. inetd

Instead of supplying an explicit device in /etc/fstab for mounting, what other options may be used to identify the intended partition? (Choose two.)

A. LABEL

B. ID

C. FIND

D. NAME

E. UUID

Given a log file loga.log with timestamps of the format DD/MM/YYYY:hh:mm:ss, which command lters out all log entries in the time period between 8:00 am and 8:59 am?

A. grep “E ‘:08:[09]+:[09]+’ loga.log

B. grep “E ‘:08:[00]+’ loga.log

C. grep “E loga.log ‘:08:[0-9]+:[0-9]+’

D. grep loga.log ‘:08:[0-9]:[0-9]’

E. grep “E ‘:08:[0-9]+:[0-9]+’ loga.log

The command dbmaint  and  was used to run dbmaint in the background. However, dbmaint is terminated after logging out of the system. Which alternative dbmaint invocation lets dbmaint continue to run even when the user running the program logs out?

A. job “b dmaint

B. dbmaint and >/dev/pts/null

C. nohup dbmaint &

D. bg dbmaint

E. wait dbmaint

What is true regarding UEFI firmware? (Choose two.)

A. It can read and interpret partition tables

B. It can use and read certain file systems

C. It stores its entire configuration on the /boot/ partition

D. It is stored in a special area within the GPT metadata

E. It is loaded from a fixed boot disk position