A systems administrator needs to examine the output of all kernel-related events since the system was booted. Which of the following would BEST display this information?

A. dmesg

B. modinfo

C. systemctl

D. logger

A Linux user needs to connect to a remote email server named mail.foo.com through the SMTP port.
Which of the following commands will accomplish this task?

A. traceroute mail.foo.com 25

B. netcat mail.foo.com 25

C. traceroute mail.foo.com 110

D. netcat mail.foo.com 110

A junior systems administrator has generated a PKI certificate for SSH sessions. The administrator would like to configure authentication without passwords to remote systems. Which of the following should the administrator perform?

A. Add the content of id_rsa.pub file to the remote system ~/.ssh/authorized_keys location.

B. Add the content of id_rsa file to the remote system ~/.ssh/authorized_keys location.

C. Add the content of id_rsa file to the remote system ~/.ssh/known_hosts location.

D. Add the content of id_rsa.pub file to the remote system ~/.ssh/known_hosts location.

An administrator receives a warning about a filesystem filling up, and then identifies a large file located at /tmp/largelogfile. The administrator deletes the file, but no space is recovered on the filesystem.
Which of the following commands would BEST assists the administrator in identifying the problem?

A. lsof | grep largelogfile

B. pkill /tmp/largelogfile

C. pgrep largelogfile

D. ps ג€”ef | grep largelogfile

A Linux administrator needs to configure a new firewall without an existing ACL to allow incoming web traffic. The firewall must log the allowed network traffic.
Which of the following command sequences would accomplish this task when they are executed in order?

A. iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 80 ג€”J LOG iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 443 ג€”J LOG iptables ג€”I INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 80 ג€”J ACCEPT iptables ג€”I INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 443 ג€”J ACCEPT

B. iptables ג€”I INPUT ג€”m multiport ג€”p tcp –dports 80,443 ג€”J LOG iptables ג€”I INPUT ג€”m multiport ג€”p tcp –dports 80,443 ג€”J ACCEPT

C. iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”m multiport ג€”p tcp –dports 80,443 ג€”J LOG iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”m multiport ג€”p tcp –dports 80,443 ג€”J ACCEPT

D. iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 80 ג€”J ACCEPT iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 443 ג€”J ACCEPT iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 80 ג€”J LOG iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp –dport 443 ג€”J LOG

An administrator wants to prevent the accidental deletion of a business-critical application log file without affecting the functionality of the application and its logging. Which of the following commands would BEST accomplish this goal?

A. setfacl -m u:application:w application.log

B. chattr +a application.log

C. chown nobody application.log

D. chmod 400 application.log

A company's httpd server has stopped working and restarting the service does not fix the issue. A junior systems administrator is investigating log files for clues.
Which of the following commands should the administrator execute?

A. journalctl -u httpd

B. journalctl -l httpd

C. systemctl -s httpd

D. systemctl -l httpd

When logging in, an administrator must use a temporary six-digit code that is displayed on a key fob.
Which of the following has been implemented?

A. Biometrics

B. HOTP

C. PKI

D. Software token

A configuration management tool running every minute is enforcing the service HTTPd to be started. To perform maintenance, which of the following series of commands can be used to prevent the service from being started?

A. systemctl stop httpd && systemctl mask httpd

B. systemctl disable httpd && systemctl mask httpd

C. systemctl stop httpd && systemctl hide httpd

D. systemctl disable httpd && systemctl hide httpd

An administrator needs to allow additional specific users and groups to have access to a folder without removing the original owner or group. Which of the following commands should the administrator use to complete this task?

A. setenforce

B. setfacl

C. chmod

D. chown

An administrator is setting up a script named script.sh to be executed daily at 3:15 a.m. Which of the following is the correct way to define this in crontab?

A. * * * 15 3 script.sh

B. 3 15 * * * script.sh

C. * * * 3 15 script.sh

D. 15 3 * * * script.sh

A Linux administrator is using a public cloud provider to host servers for a company's website. Using the provider's tools, the administrator wrote a JSON file to define how to deploy the servers. Which of the following techniques did the administrator use?

A. Infrastructure as code

B. Build automation

C. Platform as a service

D. Automated configuration

Joe, a user, reports there is data missing after a reboot of the system he is using. The data he was working on was located in /opt/data/user1. A Linux administrator runs the following commands and receives the resulting output.
 
Which of the following should the administrator perform to resolve the issue?

A. The administrator can conclude Joe no longer has permissions to his data and needs to change the data ownership to Joe.

B. The administrator can conclude the data is gone from the system and needs to be restored from a backup.

C. The administrator can conclude Joe has been using the wrong folder and should be using /opt/data/user2.

D. The administrator can conclude the drive is not mounted properly and should be remounted.

A newly installed desktop is unable to connect to networked resources. The systems administrator executes various commands and reviews the following output snippets:
 
Which of the following should the systems administrator try NEXT to restore connectivity?

A. arp -s 20:ad:1f:ab:10:0f 192.168.1.10

B. route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0

C. dig -x @127.0.0.1 192.168.1.10

D. ip link set wlo1 up

E. killall -HUP NetworkManager

Joe, a user, asks a systems administrator to schedule the daily execution of a custom script.
Which of the following commands will allow the systems administrator to set up Joe's cron job?

A. crontab -r -u joe

B. crontab -e -u joe

C. crontab -n -u joe

D. crontab -l -u joe

A Linux administrator installed a new network adapter and temporarily disabled the network service from starting on boot. The partial output of chkconfig is as follows:
 
Which of the following commands BEST describes how the administrator should re-enable the network service?

A. chkconfig –level 0 network on

B. chkconfig –level 0-6 network on

C. chkconfig –level 6 network on

D. chkconfig –level 12 network on

E. chkconfig –level 345 network on

A user wants to alias dir so it always returns the contents of the ls -la command. However, the user has to reset the alias with every login.
Which of the following is the BEST action the user can take to ensure the command is always available?

A. echo “alias dir=ls -la” > /etc/profile

B. echo “alias dir=ls -la” >> /etc/skel

C. echo “alias dir=ls -la” >> ~/.profile

D. echo “alias dir=ls -la” > ~/.bashrc

A Linux administrator attempts to install the package newprogram.x86_64.rpm using a package manager. The administrator receives a warning indicating the command that was run was using a deprecated package manager. Which of the following commands should the administrator use to avoid the warning and install the newprogram.x86_64.rpm program?

A. # dnf install newprogram.x86_64.rpm

B. # rpm -e newprogram.x86_64.rpm

C. # dpkg -i newprogram.x86_64.rpm

D. # apt-get install newprogram.x86_64.rpm

A user needs to modify the IP address of a laptop. Which of the following files can be used to configure the network interface named eth0?

A. /etc/sysconfig/network/interfaces.cnf

B. /system/config/interfaces

C. /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

D. /system/networking/ifconfig

E. /etc/interfaces/eth0.conf

After connecting a USB drive, the system is unable to detect it. There is no entry in /dev, and there is no information in the message log.
Which of the following is the issue?

A. The USB drive is formatted as a DVD

B. The USB drive is not formatted

C. The kernel module is not installed

D. The permissions of /dev/usb are incorrect

An engineer is working on a production application deployment that requires changing a web application property file called server.property that is managed by the Git version control system. A cloned copy of the remote repository in which the server.property file exists is on the local desktop computer. The engineer makes appropriate changes to the files, saves it as server.property, and executes git commit `"m `changed the property file` server.property. Which of the following commands did the engineer fail to perform?

A. git init server.property

B. git merge server.property

C. git add server.property

D. git push server.property

A junior Linux administrator needs to ensure a service will start on system boot. Which of the following commands should be used to accomplish this task?

A. chkconfig on

B. systemctl bootup

C. service enable

D. crontab install

Which of the following protocols are used to access the desktop environment on a remote system? (Choose two.)

A. CUPS

B. Cinnamon

C. NX

D. SPICE

E. YAML

F. Kerberos

A Linux administrator built a GitLab server. Later that day, a software engineer tried to access the server to upload the repository during the final step of installation. The software engineer could not access the website. Which of the following firewall rules would allow access to this site?

A. iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp ג€”m multiport –dports 80,443 ג€”m conntrack ג€”cstate NEW, ESTABLISHED ג€”j ACCEPT

B. iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp ג€”m multiport –dports 80,443 ג€”m conntrack ג€”cstate ESTABLISHED ג€”j ACCEPT

C. iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp ג€”m multiport –dports 80,443 ג€”m conntrack ג€”cstate RELATED, ESTABLISHED ג€”j ACCEPT

D. iptables ג€”A INPUT ג€”p tcp ג€”m multiport –dports 80,443 ג€”m conntrack ג€”cstate NEW, ESTABLISHED ג€”j REJECT

A Linux administrator has downloaded the network-tools-12.1-17.i386.rpm package for installation to a local system. The administrator issues the rpm - ivh nerwork-cools-12.1-17.i386.rpm command to install the package. After attempting to use the newly installed package, the administrator realizes the package for the system's architecture was not installed correctly.
Which of the following commands should the administrator use to remove the package from the system?

A. rpm -e network-tools

B. rpm -U network-tools-12.1-17.i386.rpm

C. rpm -ivh network-tools-12.1-17.i686.rpm

D. rpm -r network-tools

A Linux systems administrator installed a new web server, which failed while attempting to start. The administrator suspects that SELinux is causing an issue and wants to temporarily put the system into permissive mode. Which of the following would allow the administrator to accomplish this?

A. echo SELINUX=PERMISSIVE >> /etc/sysconfig/selinux

B. setenforce 0

C. sestatus 0

D. chcon httpd_sys_content_t /var/

A Linux administrator has installed a web application firewall in front of a web server running on HTTP port 8080 and successfully started the HTTP server.
However, after opening the application URL in an Internet browser, the administrator discovered that the application does not work. The administrator performed the following diagnostic steps:
Output of sysctl -a command:
 
Output of iptables -L command:
 
Output of netstat `"nltop | grep "8080":
 
Which of the following is the NEXT step the administrator should perform to permanently fix the issue at the kernel level?

A. sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 then run sysctl -w /etc/sysctl.conf to enable the change

B. Edit /etc/sysctl.conf file and add net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 then run sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf to enable the change

C. Add iptables rule iptables -A INPUT -m state –state NEW -p tcp –dport 8080 -j then restart httpd daemon

D. Add iptables rule iptables -A FORWARD-m state –state NEW -p tcp –dport 8080 ג€”j ACCEPT then restart httpd daemon

A server is almost out of free memory and is becoming unresponsive. Which of the following sets of commands will BEST mitigate the issue?

A. free, fack, partprobe

B. lsof, lvcreate, mdadm

C. df, du, rmmod

D. fdisk, mkswap, swapon -a

A Linux administrator tries to ping a hostname in a network but receives the message: hostname not found. The administrator is sure the name exists on the network and wants to verify if the DNS server is correctly configured on the client. Which of the following files should the administrator use to verify this information?

A. /etc/named.conf

B. /etc/resolv.conf

C. /etc/nsswitch.conf

D. /etc/network

Given that a company's policy states that users cannot install third-party tools on Window servers, which of the following protocols will allow a Linux GUI to connect to a Windows server?

A. VNC

B. NX

C. RDP

D. X11

A technician needs to install the package.tar.gz file, which contains the source code of custom software. The technician downloaded the file in /tmp. Which of the following commands should the technician use to install the executable? (Choose three.)

A. tar

B. gunzip

C. ldd

D. configure

E. apt

F. make

G. yum

H. bzip2

A new IO card has been added to the security server to log the opening and closing of the main entrance. A switch is attached, so the interface card returns a 1 when the door is opened and a 0 when the door is closed.
Which of the following describes the Linux device to which this switch is attached?

A. /dev/tty0

B. /dev/port

C. /dev/gpio

D. /dev/sg0

A server, which is used to collect data about the network and datacenter environment via SNMP, is running out of space. Which of the following should the server administrator implement to reduce disk utilization?

A. journald

B. Snapshots

C. logrotate

D. tar -cvf

Which of the following default files are typically used to contain a list of public keys from other computers? (Choose two.)

A. ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

B. ~/.ssh/config

C. ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub

D. ~/.ssh/known_hosts

E. ~/.ssh/id_rsa

F. ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

Joe, a Linux administrator implemented an IP blocking solution to secure a server, but he is now unable to connect to the server from the office.
Which of the following should Joe review to determine if the office desktop was blocked by this solution?

A. journalctl

B. /etc/ufw

C. dmesg

D. /var/log/audit

E. /etc/hosts.deny

A user wants to list the lines of a log, adding a correlative number at the beginning of each line separated by a set of dashes from the actual message. Which of the following scripts will complete this task?
A.
 
B.
 
C.
 
D.
 

A Linux server needs to be accessed, but the root password is not available.
Which of the following would BEST allow an administrator to regain access and set a new known password at the same time?

A. Boot into single-user mode and reset the password via the passwd command.

B. Boot into single-user mode and reset the password by editing the /etc/passwd file.

C. Boot into single-user mode and reset the password by editing the /etc/shadow file.

D. Boot into single-user mode and reset the password via the chage command.

A Linux server has multiple IPs. A Linux administrator needs to verify if the HTTP server port is bound to the correct IP.
Which of the following commands would BEST accomplish this task?

A. route

B. host

C. nslookup

D. netstat

E. ip

A Linux system is running normally when the systems administrator receives an alert that one application spawned many processes. The application is consuming a lot of memory, and it will soon cause the machine to become unresponsive. Which of the following commands will stop each application process?

A. kill `pidof application`

B. killall application

C. kill -9 `ps ג€”aux | grep application`

D. pkill -9 application

A Linux administrator implemented a new HTTP server using the default configuration. None of the users on the network can access the server. If there is no problem on the network or with the users' workstations, which of the following steps will BEST analyze and resolve the issue?

A. Run netstat to ensure the port is correctly bound, and configure the firewall to allow access on ports 80 and 443

B. Run route to ensure the port is correctly bound, and configure the firewall to allow access on ports 80 and 443

C. Run netcat to ensure the port is correctly bound, and configure a static route to the web to allow access on ports 80 and 443

D. Run route to ensure the port is correctly bound, and configure SELinux to allow access on ports 80 and 443

Joe, a member of the accounting group on a Linux system, is unable to write a file called `taxes` in the accounting shared directory. The ownership and permissions on the directory and file are as follows: accounting drwxrw-r-- user = ann, group = accounting taxes -rw-r--r-- , user = ann, group = accounting
Which of the following commands would allow Joe to write to the file? (Choose two.)

A. chmod g+x accounting

B. chmod 777 taxes

C. chgrp taxes accounting

D. chgrp accounting taxes

E. chmod 774 accounting

F. chmod u+x accounting

An administrator clones a Git repository onto a local laptop. While inspecting the code, the administrator notices a bug and wants to fix it. Which of the following is the BEST command for the administrator to use to test a patch for the script prior to updating the version saved in master?

A. init

B. branch

C. stash

D. commit

E. merge

A Linux systems administrator is troubleshooting an issue with the /home directory running out of space. The administrator needs to determine which /home directories are using the most space. Which of the following commands should be used?

A. du

B. lvs

C. df

D. fsck

A user has connected a Bluetooth mouse to a computer, but it is not working properly. Which of the following commands should the systems administrator use to fix the issue?

A. lsmod ג€”i bluetooth

B. insmod bluetooth

C. modprobe ג€”r bluetooth

D. depmod ג€”i bluetooth

An administrator needs to see a list of the system user's encrypted passwords. Which of the following Linux files does the administrator need to read?

A. /etc/shadow

B. /etc/skel

C. /etc/passwd

D. /etc/pw

A systems administrator clones copies of a Linux VM every time a new Linux server is needed. The administrator notices the command prompt always states localhost.localdomain.
Which of the following should the administrator run to have the command prompt consistently labeled as Server1 rather than localhost.localdomain?

A. host Server1

B. echo “127.0.0.1 Server1 Server1.localdomain” >> /etc/hosts

C. hostnamectl set-hostname “Server1” –pretty

D. hostnamectl set-hostname Server1 –transient

E. hostnamectl set-hostname Server1.localdomain –static

A storage administrator in a virtualized environment has been told by a user that there is no space left on the volume to which the user can write. However, a check reveals that there is 20GB of unused space. Which of the following explains the discrepancy?

A. The drive is not formatted

B. The drive is thin provisioned

C. The drive is thick provision eager zeroed

D. The drive space is overallocated

Which of the following are Linux desktop environments? (Choose two.)

A. X11

B. Wayland

C. SPICE

D. VNC

E. MATE

F. KDE

The following tools help maintain consistency across different systems in an infrastructure:
SUSE Manager -
Red Hat Satellite -
Spacewalk -
If a system file is changed, the tools roll back the file to a predefined configuration.
Which of the following concepts BEST describes this behavior?

A. Build automation

B. Infrastructure as code

C. Automated configuration management

D. Agentless system management

In a Linux system the first stage of the boot process is a hardware test using the BIOS. Once the hardware test is completed, control is passed to UEFI to begin the first-stage Linux boot process.
To which of the following categories does UEFI belong?

A. Software

B. Device driver

C. Firmware

D. Hardware